What iPhone Packaging Reveals About the Robotics Opportunity

What does it take to build robots that can actually work in factories and warehouses? Tutor Intelligence CEO Josh Gruenstein argues robotics is a systems problem spanning AI, hardware, manufacturing, and the work itself. Josh joins a16z General Partners Martin Casado and Raghu Raghuram to explain Tutor’s approach: deploy robots into real businesses, use human “tutors” when needed, and turn that work into training data that makes the robots more capable. They discuss Tutor’s 100-robot data factory, robots starting at roughly $16 an hour, advances in spatial reasoning, and what flexible robotic labor could mean for American manufacturing and the physical economy. Timestamps: 00:00 Intro 00:49 Tutor Intelligence at a glance 02:49 Start with the job, not the model 04:32 Robotics as the ultimate systems problem 09:08 Why it’s called Tutor, and whether tutors go away 14:54 How frontier models are accelerating robotics 16:57 Building robots in-house: Cassie and Sonny 23:17 Selling to first-time robot buyers 29:04 Why small and mid-sized businesses 38:19 Factories, China and the US supply chain 42:04 Real-world reinforcement learning at scale Resources: Follow Josh Gruenstein on X: https://x.com/joshgruenstein Follow Martin Casado on X: https://x.com/martin_casado Follow Raghu Raghuram on X: https://x.com/RaghuRaghuram Learn more about Tutor Intelligence:https://tutorintelligence.com/ Stay Updated: If you enjoyed this episode, be sure to like, subscribe, and share with your friends! Find a16z on X: https://twitter.com/a16z Find a16z on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/a16z Listen to the a16z Show on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/5bC65RDvs3oxnLyqqvkUYX Listen to the a16z Show on Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/a16z-podcast/id842818711 Follow our host: https://x.com/eriktorenberg Please note that the content here is for informational purposes only; should NOT be taken as legal, business, tax, or investment advice or be used to evaluate any investment or security; and is not directed at any investors or potential investors in any a16z fund. a16z and its affiliates may maintain investments in the companies discussed. For more details please see http://a16z.com/disclosures.